Toasty Warm on a Cold Winter’s Night

 

QUESTION: Recently while browsing in an antique shop, I came upon a strange-looking object. It appeared to be made of clay in the shape of a short log and had what looked like a hole on top in which rested a stopper. Both ends were closed and rounded, with a chunky knob protruding from the front end. The antiques dealer told me it was a hot water bottle. The only hot water bottles I know of are the ones made of rubber. Can you tell me more about this object?

ANSWER: The strange object is indeed a hot water bottle. Few things compare to the cozy warmth provided by a hot water bottle. Before the invention of the rubber hot water bottle, most people used one made of stoneware. Though these were heavy and clunky, they served the purpose.

Most people had one hot water bottle in the house. Made of stoneware, a white clay fired at a high temperature and glazed so that it resembled polished stone, so most people called it just a “stone.” However, the Scottish children saw a bit of whimsy in them, believing that they looked like a little pig, so they coined the name “Bed Pig.” Actually, the name “pig” isn’t related to pigs at all. It's a Scottish word for a round pot.

The seals on these bottles weren’t very good, so naturally people used them only when it was bitterly cold. Often the stone cap would be replaced with a cork to seal in the hot water. Though they were heavy, they could still crack and leak, which would burn whoever was in bed and make the bed wet.

Some mothers believed that it was healthy to get into a cold bed. In winter it was usually very cold in bed, as most people didn’t light fires in their bedrooms for fear of falling asleep with the fire going. Also, windows had single glazing, not like the multiple glazing of those today. It wasn’t uncommon for people to wake up to ice on the insides of their windows from frozen condensation.

Stoneware hot water bottles had been around since the early 19th century and perhaps before. The idea was to fill them with hot water, close the stopper securely and stand them in a bed, upright, on their small flat ends so that the sheets and blankets formed a tent-like structure over them. The peak of the '”ent” was the special feature of the rounded knob opposite the flat end, which also served as a carrying handle. One of the primary manufacturers of stoneware hot water bottles was Langley Ware of England.

People believed that using the hot water bottle this way heated more of the bed, but it was an unstable arrangement and the “tent” would have been quite small, as even with the knob to give extra height, the hot water bottle, itself, stood only about a foot tall. To make sure the entire bed warmed up, users would move them around in the bed periodically for an hour or two before climbing into bed.

Large stoneware hot water bottle also served as a foot warmer. The stoneware hot water bottle was cylindrical but also had a flat side. Ladies would fill the bottle with hot water and lay it on its side on the floor in front of a chair by the fire. Since they wore long dresses, they could take off their shoes and place their feet on the rounded top of the bottle, then pull the skirt of their dress over their feet to hide them. This way no one could see that they had taken off their shoes and were warming their feet. They often took these bottles with them in the carriage when the weather was very cold, doing much the same thing as they did in their parlors.

Hot water was also used in glass or ceramic pots that sealed in the hot water with a cork. Not many glass hot water bottles survived but the ceramic containers continued in production for many years well into the 20th century.

Because they were mass produced and very robust, many stoneware hot water bottles have survived, so their antique value isn’t a lot. But many can still be used today and will be for years to come to keep people warm and toasty on a cold winter’s night.

To read more articles on antiques, please visit the Antiques Articles section of my Web site.  And to stay up to the minute on antiques and collectibles, please join the over 50,000 readers by following my free online magazine, #TheAntiquesAlmanac. Learn more about "Sacred Artifacts" in the 2025 Holiday Edition, online now. And to read daily posts about unique objects from the past and their histories, like the #Antiques and More Collection on Facebook.

Away in a Manger

 

QUESTION: My grandfather left me a beautiful creche which he said his father brought over from Germany in the late 19th century. Can you tell me anything about this and if it is, in fact, German?

ANSWER: You, indeed, have a German creche. From its design, I’d say it dates from the 1890s, possibly a bit before. During the 17th century, Nativity scenes, promoted by the Capuchin, Jesuit and Franciscan orders, gained in popularity as a way for common people to express their joy during the Christmas season.

Nativity scenes gained popularity in the 17th century, promoted by the Capuchin, Jesuit and Franciscan orders. By the 18th century, three centers of crèche culture had emerged—Naples, Italy, Provence, France, and southern Germany and Austria.

Over the years, the Nativity has been portrayed in many ways. In America, the most popular form is the crèche, a word meaning "manger" or "crib" in French. Carved from wood—although some makers use ceramics, glass, straw, fabric, or even plastic—and painted, a crèche usually depicts the entire Nativity scene, including the manger, a star, angels, shepherds, kings and the Holy Family. Although most are miniature in scale, a few church crèches are almost life-size.

Although he didn’t originate the idea, historians credit St. Francis of Assisi with popularizing the Nativity scene. From Italy, the idea spread north across the Alps and finally came to the U.S. with German settlers.

Supposedly, a rich man, Giovanni Vellita, approached St. Francis in December, 1223, asking how he could serve God. St. Francis told him to build a simple, little stable just outside Assisi in the cave at Greccio. This was a time when the average man learned about his faith from the plays he watched, the songs he heard, and the art that lined the walls of the churches.

Much of the celebration of Christmas occurred in churches for a long time. The common worker, much less the very poor, weren’t given much of a place in these celebrations. St. Francis wanted to give the poor people a chance to celebrate. And so the story goes, as midnight approached that Christmas Eve, a great procession wound its way out of Assisi and up the hill to Greccio. Everyone came carrying candles to this new manger they had built for the Holy Child. They celebrated mass that night. Surrounded by an ox and a donkey and by the people of Assisi, all playing the parts of the shepherds and folk of Bethlehem.

Long after St. Francis died, the people of Italy continued to build stables for the Christ Child. Among wealthy Italian families, the simple manger became something incredibly magnificent, the grand Italian Presepio. Naples became the center of the biggest presepi workshops. By the 18th century, these crèches took up whole rooms, indeed, sometimes whole floors of great homes. People traveled from villa to villa to visit and admire these incredible displays, which often took months and a great deal of money to complete.

Sancta Maria Ad Praesepe, later to become the Basilica Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, contains the first recorded free standing set of creche figures, sculpted from stone by Amolfo Di Cambio in 1282. For some time after, nearly all the creches made were life-sized stone or wood. Those in Tyrolean churches had statues with elaborate Baroque costumes. At the same time, inexpensive Nativity scenes made out of painted paper became available to those who couldn’t afford carved figures.

Artisans construct crèches or Nativity sets from a variety of materials. The characters can be carved from wood, formed from wax, papier-mache, or clay, or hand painted on cardboard. They stand in or in front of buildings, ranging from Alpine stables and guest houses to romantic Roman ruins. Others have Middle Eastern-style structures with minarets and domes.

But the best—elaborate and intricately carved figures of wood—came from Bavaria. Their creators stained them with paint to make them lifelike. German creches , often called krippen, can also be made of cast metal, cast painted plaster, cardboard with painted or printed artwork, turned wood or clay. Each Christmas, in scenes made up of rocks, branches, evergreens and moss collected in the woods by the family’s children just before the holiday, the krippe is reborn. Christmas morning finds these scenes around the base of the family’s Christmas tree in what’s called a putz or tree yard.

For many, collecting crèches is an act of faith. Their crèches provide an expression of their Christianity. Mormons are great collectors of crèches. Creating a Nativity scene in a church has been a long-standing tradition among Catholics And there has been increasing interest in collecting Nativity sets among Protestants.

But mostly, people collect crèches because they’re personal, a reflection of intimate family life. They’re about humanity, not religious dogma or ritual. Moving Nativity sets from the church to the home has made them a popular art form.

Among collectible creches, those hardest to find today are those predating World War II.  Adolf Hitler had many of the German molds for creche figures destroyed. At the time, Germany was the premiere maker of creches. 

Nativity sets and crèches vary in value, from some worth over $1,100 to others worth just $5. But for many collectors, their value is intrinsic. They’re also easy to find and buy, which makes them fun to collect. At one point, the Ruby Lane site on the Internet had no less then 300 sets for sale.

To read more articles on antiques, please visit the Antiques Articles section of my Web site.  And to stay up to the minute on antiques and collectibles, please join the over 50,000 readers by following my free online magazine, #TheAntiquesAlmanac. Learn more about "Sacred Artifacts" in the 2025 Holiday Edition, online now. And to read daily posts about unique objects from the past and their histories, like the #Antiques and More Collection on Facebook.